What is strong PSR vs weak PSR?
A modally strong version of the PSR will take the Principle as necessary and obtaining in all possible worlds, while a weak modal version will present the Principle as merely contingently true. Another distinction can be drawn between a factive, as opposed to merely regulative, version of the Principle.
Thus, for example, I can be sitting, lying down, or standing: all these states are equally possible. Yet if I am standing, there must be a sufficient reason for me to be standing, rather than sitting or lying down.
The principle of sufficient reason states that everything must have a reason or a cause.
The actual existence of the latter is explained by the principle of sufficient reason, which asserts that there is an adequate reason to account for the existence and nature of everything that could conceivably not exist. In each such case, the ultimate sufficient reason is the free choice of God.
The Weak-PSR is intended to appeal to an atheist who is willing to accept that even if there were a brute fact, i.e., a true but unexplained contingent proposition, the brute fact would be something that could have an explanation.
"Sam's being a father is a sufficient, but not a necessary condition, for being a male." "A table's being square is a sufficient, but not a necessary condition, for its having four sides."
The individual factors are called component causes. The complete pie, which might be considered a causal pathway, is called a sufficient cause. A disease may have more than one sufficient cause, with each sufficient cause being composed of several component causes that may or may not overlap.
Suppose, then, that it is true that it is both raining and sunny. This is a sufficient condition for “it is raining” to be true. That it is raining is—contrariwise—a necessary condition for it being true that it is both raining and sunny.
The four prima facie principles are respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. "Prima facie," a term introduced by the English philosopher W D Ross, means that the principle is binding unless it conflicts with another moral principle - if it does we have to choose between them.
Principle of Sufficient Reason Objections
It is a deductive argument. The cosmological argument is borne out of a fact-based on experience. That is, we know our existence is contingent on something. It would thus be easy to assume that we exist because there is a God, hence why this argument is prone to misuse.
What are the 4 primary divisions within philosophy and what are they concerned with studying?
The major branches of philosophy are epistemology, which studies knowledge; metaphysics, which studies reality and being; logic, which studies argumentation and reason; axiology, which studies valuation within aesthetics and ethics; and political philosophy, which studies government.
The sufficiency of the All Sufficient God therefore is the adequacy of the provisions of the Lord God Almighty that can never be exhausted or run dry. He is the God who is more than enough to adequately handle all the needs of all His creatures without running short of supply.
The Bible clearly proclaims we are far from self-sufficiency. Jesus says, “. . . apart from me, you can do nothing” (John 15:5). We can do nothing apart from His generous grace that allows us to function without an awareness of His provision.
Definition of 'sufficient reason'
1. the principle that nothing happens by pure chance, but that an explanation must always be available.
One immediate consequence of the Heredity Theorem is that not every true statement -- not every truth -- has a J-A explanation for which being true is hereditary. Thus any version of PSR is false which implies that every fact or stoa that obtains has an explanation in any such sense.
Definition of the Sufficiency Principle
The basic idea of the sufficiency principle as a moral demand is that securing enough is of special importance. Whether a person has enough affects our reasons to con- sider that person as a potential beneficiary or burden bearer.
first cause, in philosophy, the self-created being (i.e., God) to which every chain of causes must ultimately go back. The term was used by Greek thinkers and became an underlying assumption in the Judeo-Christian tradition.
We say that the statement A is a necessary and sufficient condition for the statement B when B is true if and only if A is also true. That is, either A and B are both true, or they are both false. Note that if A is necessary and sufficient for B , then B is necessary and sufficient for A . We write A⇔B.
- A brisk walk is sufficient to raise your heart rate.
- A 15 percent tip is sufficient. [=adequate]
- There must be sufficient funds in your bank account to cover the check.
- sufficient savings.
- Her explanation was not sufficient to satisfy the police.
Takeaway – Sufficient but not Necessary Conditions
As discussed above a “sufficient” condition is one which “guarantees” that the result will take place, but it is not a necessary condition that has to be fulfilled for the result to occur.
What are three diseases caused by poor?
Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as typhoid, intestinal worm infections and polio.
The agents that cause disease fall into five groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (worms). Protozoa and worms are usually grouped together as parasites, and are the subject of the discipline of parasitology, whereas viruses, bacteria, and fungi are the subject of microbiology.
Inflammation is the root cause of many diseases.
Chronic inflammation is the root cause of so many diseases, including: Heart disease. Diabetes. High blood pressure (hypertension)
Words usually associated with sufficient conditions include: if, when, whenever, every, all, any, people who, and in order to. Words commonly linked with necessary conditions are: then, unless without, until, only/only if, must, and required.
As you know, the word "only" introduces the necessary condition of a S&N statement. So, if we have "Only A is B," A is our necessary condition and B is our sufficient condition.
Necessary, essential, indispensable, requisite indicate something vital for the fulfillment of a need. Necessary applies to something without which a condition cannot be fulfilled or to an inevitable consequence of certain events, conditions, etc.: Food is necessary to life.
The expression "basic ethical principles" refers to those general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions.
Nature of Philosophy
Through the 7 branches of Philosophy, i.e. Metaphysics, Axiology, Epistemology, Logic, Ethics, Political Philosophy and Aesthetics, it sets out to harmonize sciences to understand the human mind and the world.
The author critically examines five broad approaches to philosophy; the religious, the metaphysical, the cultural, the analytical and the existentialist.
The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every state of affairs or true proposition, there is an explanation of why it is the way it is. In short, everything has a reason. With this, reasons can be self-contained or external. Self-contained explanations pertain to things like math and abstract objects.
Which of the following best expresses the principle of sufficient reason?
Which of the following best expresses a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason? Every event must/has to have a cause.
In The Monadology, Leibniz lays out the Principle of Sufficient Reason as follows: “we hold that there can be no fact real or existing, no statement true, unless there be a sufficient reason why it should be so and not otherwise, although these reasons usually cannot be known by us.”1 Leibniz's Principle of Sufficient ...
This course examines the main areas of philosophy, which include ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics.
Logic is the most fundamental branch of philosophy, as it is applied to all the other branches. Without logic, you can't make reasonable or sensible arguments in the other branches. You wouldn't even be able to make viable distinctions between the other branches.
Through the 7 branches of Philosophy, i.e. Metaphysics, Axiology, Epistemology, Logic, Ethics, Political Philosophy and Aesthetics, it sets out to harmonize sciences to understand the human mind and the world.
God's grace has never been insufficient. It has never been and never will be lacking in its purpose. It is “all-sufficient.” It can sustain us. Whatever we are called to endure, God's grace will give us the ability to attain, maintain, and when necessary abstain.
What Does 'My Grace Is Sufficient for You' NOT Mean? Sufficiency in God means not being self-reliant. One of the examples about self-reliance is written in the Bible particularly to the Corinthian people.
But he said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness." Therefore I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christ's power may rest on me.
You can develop self-reliance by learning to be yourself, practicing making your own judgments, and holding your own values. As you use these to guide you towards your goals, remember not to underestimate the power of your own intuition. Don't be afraid to be yourself.
The Self-Sufficiency Standard defines the amount of income necessary to meet basic needs (including taxes) without public subsidies (e.g., public housing, food stamps, Medicaid or child care) and without private/informal assistance (e.g., free babysitting by a relative or friend, food provided by churches or local food ...
What does fully self-sufficient mean?
adjective. /ˌself səˈfɪʃnt/ /ˌself səˈfɪʃnt/ self-sufficient (in something) able to do or produce everything that you need without the help of other people.
Some common synonyms of sufficient are adequate, competent, and enough. While all these words mean "being what is necessary or desirable," sufficient suggests a close meeting of a need. sufficient savings.
1 enough to meet a need or purpose; adequate. 2 (Logic) (of a condition) assuring the truth of a statement; requiring but not necessarily required by some other state of affairs.
A brisk walk is sufficient to raise your heart rate. There must be sufficient funds in your bank account to cover the check. Her explanation was not sufficient to satisfy the police.
Good and Sufficient Cause means intentionally engaging in acts of dishonesty or other conduct intended to be injurious to the business of Employer, conviction of a felony or the willful and material failure to perform the employee's duties and to correct such failure after warning.
[41]), where the phrase “morally sufficient reason” is understood in this way: “To say that there is a morally sufficient reason for his action is simply to say that there is a circ*mstance or condition which, when known, renders blame (though, of course, not responsibility) for the action inappropriate” (pp. [40-41]).
Sufficient evidence is admitted evidence that has enough overall weight, in terms of relevance and credibility, to legally justify a particular conclusion. Sufficient evidence to support the legitimacy, effectiveness and necessity of the measure to achieve a specific health outcome.
Legally sufficient evidence means evidence which, if accepted as true, would establish every element of an offense charged and the defendant's commission of the offense.
Some common synonyms of sufficient are adequate, competent, and enough. While all these words mean "being what is necessary or desirable," sufficient suggests a close meeting of a need.
adjective. 1. enough to meet a need or purpose; adequate.
What does sufficient mean in a sentence?
enough for a particular purpose: This recipe should be sufficient for five people. It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to convict him. Opposite. insufficient.
For we are a sweet savour of Christ unto God, in them that are being saved, and in them that are perishing; to the one a savour from death unto death; to the other a savour from life unto life. And who is sufficient for these things?" (2 Cor. 2:14-16, A.R.V.).
For instance, one could argue that it is okay to kill one person if it would save five, because more people would be saved, but killing itself is immoral. Moral judgments and decisions are often driven by automatic, affective responses, rather than explicit reasoning.
In The Monadology, Leibniz lays out the Principle of Sufficient Reason as follows: “we hold that there can be no fact real or existing, no statement true, unless there be a sufficient reason why it should be so and not otherwise, although these reasons usually cannot be known by us.”1 Leibniz's Principle of Sufficient ...
The morality of the human action depends on three main determinants: object, circ*mstances and intention.
